The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of known individual polyphenols and their major dietary sources in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study.
Methods
A total of 10,477 random sample (45–69 y) of urban population of Krakow, Poland, completed a validated 148-item food frequency questionnaire. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data with the recently developed Phenol-Explorer database.
Results
The mean intake of polyphenols was 1756.5 ± 695.8 mg/d (median = 1662.5 mg/d). The main polyphenol groups were flavonoids (897 mg/d) and phenolic acids (800 mg/d). A total of 347 polyphenols from 19 polyphenol subclasses were found. The individual compounds with the highest intakes were isomers of chlorogenic acid (i.e., 5-caffeoylquinic acid and 4-caffeoylquinic acid) among hydroxycinnamic acids (average intake 150 mg/d), that largely originated from coffee, and compounds belonging to the catechin chemical family (i.e., [+]-gallocatechin, [-]-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, and [-]-epicatechin) among flavanols (average intake 50 mg/d), that mostly originated from tea and cocoa products.
Conclusions
The current study provides the most updated data for individual polyphenols intake in the diet of a well-established nutritional cohort. These findings will be useful to assess potential beneficial role on health of specific foods with high polyphenol content and characterize the effects of individual phenolic compounds.
This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grants 064947/Z/01/Z and 081081/Z/06/Z), U.S. National Institute on Ageing (grant 1R01 AG23522-01), and the MacArthur Foundation Initiative on Social Upheaval and Health (award 71208). GG was supported by the International PhD Program in Neuropharmacology, University Medical School of Catania, Catania, Italy.GG and US contributed equally to the paper. GG and US designed the study, performed the analysis, and drafted the manuscript. RT-M and US contributed to the data collection. RT-M and KS provided critical revision for the data analysis methods. AP designed the study and provided critical revision. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
