Applied nutritional investigationDietary intake of Agaricus bisporus white button mushroom accelerates salivary immunoglobulin A secretion in healthy volunteers
Introduction
The mucosal membrane of the oral cavity, the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts, and the mammary gland occupies the largest area of the human body [1]. Its continuous exposure to the environment is vulnerable to attack by pathogenic microorganisms that cause epithelial cell dysfunction and/or cell death [2]. Protection against infectious agents is carried out by the body’s specialized innate and adaptive immunity system [3]. The adaptive mucosal immune defense is largely mediated by secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), which is the predominant immunoglobulin class in human secretions [2], [3], [4]. Evidence for a gut contribution to adaptive mucosal immune responses derives largely from animal studies [3], [5]. Antigen-sensitized mucosal immunocytes (e.g., IgA B cells) initiated in the gut-associated mucosal tissue migrate with the blood to mucosal tissues to form the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, where they differentiate into plasma cells producing antigen-specific IgA antibodies for defense of the mucosal surfaces against invasive pathogens. A similar mechanism appears to occur in humans to ensure that SIgA antibodies are produced at every mucosal site, which includes the intestine, respiratory tract, salivary and mammary glands, and genitourinary tract [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. For example, oral intake of killed bacteria [7] or bacterial antigen [8] has led to the generation of IgA-committed B cells in peripheral blood before their appearance in mucosal sites to secrete the specific IgA antibody and establish mucosal immunity.
The function of the SIgA antibody in mucosal defense is to perform “immune exclusion” by preventing potentially harmful pathogens and antigens from adhering to and penetrating through the secretory epithelia, containing the gut microbiota, reinforcing the epithelial barrier function and contributing to the immunologic homeostasis [3], [5]. Thus, changes in the protective capacity of SIgA to perform these functions can lead to infections and inflammatory diseases [5], [11]. SIgA in saliva has been used to monitor the status of the mucosal immune system (reviewed by Albers et al. [12]). The salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular) are an important source of SIgA in the upper respiratory tract [13]. Numerous studies of saliva composition have found decreases in salivary SIgA secretion with age [14], psychological and occupational stresses [15], [16], [17], [18], nutritional deficiencies [19], [20], strenuous physical exercise [21], [22], and immune-compromised individuals [23] and may lead to an increased risk of respiratory infections [19], [20], [24]. These examples illustrate the importance of measuring salivary SIgA and point to the potential benefit of dietary intervention for improving or slowing the decline of salivary IgA (sIgA) in susceptible populations.
Agaricus bisporus white button mushroom (WBM) constitutes the bulk of all mushrooms consumed, especially in Western countries. The mushroom contains bioactive compounds that have been shown to exhibit immunomodulating and anticancer properties [25], [26], [27]. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine the effect of mushroom consumption on sIgA secretion. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the dietary intake of A. bisporus WBM is effective in enhancing sIgA secretion in healthy subjects.
Section snippets
Subjects
Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Western Sydney human research ethics committee. The subjects were recruited by a local advertisement placed on the university campus. The participants included researchers, laboratory staff, and employees. They were informed of the experimental procedures and gave their written informed consent. Participants also completed a medical questionnaire before participating. Twenty-four healthy subjects (24–56 y old, 12 male and 12 female)
Results
Four of 12 subjects from the control group were not eligible for saliva collection at follow-up because of poor compliance (absence or refused). The remaining participants met the exclusion criteria throughout the test period. The mean absolute values for sIgA secretion rate, sIgA concentration, saliva flow rate, osmolality, sIgG concentration, and IgG secretion rate over time are listed in Table 1. There was no significant difference between the pre- and postdietary intervention for all
Discussion
This study has shown for the first time that a dietary intake of WBM resulted in higher sIgA secretion in the saliva of healthy adult subjects. The elevated sIgA secretion rate in the WBM group remained stable at week 2. The change in the sIgA concentration and secretion rate was not due to the change in saliva osmolality, which remained relatively constant in both groups over time. In addition, elevated sIgA secretion occurred in the absence of an increase in sIgG secretion over the same
Conclusions
This study has shown that a dietary intake of the WBM increases SIgA secretion in the saliva of healthy subjects. The increase of salivary SIgA may have the potential for improving mucosal immunity. It is important to determine the significance of such changes induced by a dietary intake of the WBM on the overall defense capacity of saliva and how this could lead to increased protection against the risk of infections such as upper respiratory illness in susceptible populations.
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2020, Journal of Nutritional BiochemistryCitation Excerpt :Other study designs included a non-RCT [41], a secondary analysis of a RCT which presented pooled data from two intervention groups in a pre-post study design format [42], a Phase 1 Clinical trial [38], and a retrospective case–control study [37]. The reported health outcomes were vitamin D status (4 studies) [29–32], inflammation (2 studies) [33,34], satiety (2 studies) [35,40], cancer (2 studies) [37,38], gastrointestinal health (2 studies) [39,40], cholesterol [34,41], diabetes risk factors [42], and immunology [43]. Studies were mainly conducted in the United States of America (USA) (9 studies) [29,30,32,34–36,38,39,42], and others were from Germany [31], Netherlands [33], China [37], Japan [40], Iraq [41], and Australia [43].
A glucogalactomanan polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus bisporus causes an inflammatory response via the ERK/MAPK and IκB/NFκB pathways in macrophages
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2013, Carbohydrate PolymersCitation Excerpt :hortensis (Komura et al., 2010), Lentinus edodes (Carbonero, Gracher, Komura, et al., 2008), and Pleurotus pulmonarius (Smiderle et al., 2008), respectively. A. bisporus white button mushroom constitutes the bulk of all mushrooms consumed and contains bioactive compounds that have been shown to exhibit immunomodulating and anticancer properties (Adams, Phung, Wu, Ki, & Chen, 2008; Jeong, Koyyalamudi, & Pang, 2012; Jeong, Sundar, Jeong, Song, & Gerald, 2012; Zhihong, Zhuyan, Nikbin, & Dayong, 2008), besides have presented an effect against sepsis, possibly related to anti-inflammatory potential of its polysaccharide (heterogalactan) (Ruthes et al., 2012). Until this moment, there are very few reports dealing with the ability of mushroom polysaccharides in reducing mortality caused by sepsis in mice.
This research was supported by a grant from the Australian Mushroom Growers’ Association and Horticulture Australia.