Nutrition
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 90-99 , January 2010

Stunting, adiposity, and low-grade inflammation in African adolescents from a township high school

Received 14 May 2008 ,Accepted 14 August 2008.

References 

  1. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2007_10highlights.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2008.
  2. Medical Research Council (MRC). Umthente uhlaba usamila: the 1st South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey. Pretoria: Department of Health; 2002;57–66, 122–132. Available at http://www.mrc.ac.za/healthpromotion/YRBSpart3.pdfand YRBSpart4.pdfAccessed May 20, 2007
  3. Popkin BM, Richards MK, Monteiro CA. Stunting is associated with overweight in children of four nations that are undergoing the nutrition transition. J Nutr. 1996;126:3009–3016
  4. Mukuddem-Petersen J, Kruger HS. Association between stunting and overweight among 10–15-y-old children in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA BANA Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:842–851
  5. Bruun J, Pedersen S, Kristensen K, Richelsen B. Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α and weight loss. Obes Res. 2002;10:499–506
  6. Halle M, Korsten-Reck U, Wolfarth B, Berg A. Low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight children: impact of physical fitness. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:66–74
  7. Rudin E, Barzilai N. Inflammatory peptides derived from adipose tissue. Immun Ageing. 2005;2:1–3
  8. Ballantyne CM, Nambi V. Markers of inflammation and their clinical significance. Atherosclerosis. 2005;6(suppl):21–29
  9. Davi G, Falco A. Oxidant stress, inflammation and atherogenesis. Lupus. 2005;14:760–764
  10. Isasi CR, Deckelbaum RJ, Tracy RP, Starc TJ, Berglund L, Shea S. Physical fitness and C-reactive protein level in children and young adults: the Columbia University Biomarkers Study. Pediatrics. 2003;111:332–338
  11. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126
  12. Kushner I, Rzewnicki D, Samols D. What does minor elevation of CRP protein signify?. Am J Med. 2006;119(166):e17–e28
  13. Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Fourie J, Lambert V, et al. Obesity in South Africa: the South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res. 2002;10:1038–1048
  14. Gil-Campos M, Canete R, Gil A. Adiponectin, the missing link in insulin resistance and obesity. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:963–974
  15. Warnberg J, Moreno LA, Mesana MI, Marcos A. AVENA Group. Inflammatory mediators in overweight and obese Spanish adolescents. The AVENA study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(suppl 1):59–63
  16. Heilbronn LK, Clifton PM. C-reactive protein and coronary artery disease: influence of obesity, caloric restriction and weight loss. J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13:316–321
  17. Vorster HH, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC, Veldman FJ, Burger HM. The nutritional status of South Africans: a review of the literature. From 1975 to 1996. Health System Trust. Durban: Kwik Kopy Printing; 1997;
  18. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal M, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–1243
  19. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH. Variations of growth and development at puberty. In: Atlas of children's growth, normal variation of growth disorder. New York: Academic Press; 1982;p. 122–127
  20. The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) . International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa: ISAK; 2001;
  21. CDC/NHCS. National Center for Health Statistics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Z-score data files. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/zscore/zscore.htm. Accessed 28 January 2008.
  22. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Nutrition. 1993;9:480–492
  23. Lohman TG. Advances in body composition assessment: current issues in exercise science. Monograph 3. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1992;
  24. Weston AT, Petosa R, Pate RR. Validation of an instrument for measurement of physical activity in youth. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1997;29:138–142
  25. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function form fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–419
  26. Frongillo EA. Introduction: cause and etiology of stunting. Am Soc Nutr Sci. 1999;129(suppl 1):529–530
  27. Coly AN, Milet J, Diallo A, Ndiaye T, Benefice E, Simondon F, et al. Preschool stunting, adolescent migration, catch-up growth, and adult height in young Senegalese men and women of rural origin. J Nutr. 2006;136:2412–2420
  28. Aeberli I, Molinari L, Spinas G, Lehman R, L'Allemand D, Zimmermann MB. Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:748–755
  29. Reinehr T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Roth CL, Andler W. High-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α and cardiovascular risk factor before and after weight loss in obese children. Metab Clin Exp. 2005;54:1155–1161
  30. Maffeis C, Silvagni D, Bonadonna R, Grezzani A, Banzanto C, Tato L. Fat cell size, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation in obese children. J Pediatr. 2007;151:647–652
  31. Friedman JF, Phillips-Howard PA, Mirel LB, Terlouw DJ, Okello N, Vulule JM, et al. Progression of stunting and its predictors among school-aged children in western Kenya. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:914–922
  32. Benefice E, Garnier D, Simondon KB, Malina RM. Relationship between stunting in infancy and growth and fat distribution during adolescence in Senegalese girls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:50–80
  33. Freedman DS, Serdula MK, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relation of circumferences and skinfold thicknesses to lipid and insulin concentrations in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:308–317
  34. Hoffman DJ, Sawaya AL, Verreschi I, Tucker KL, Roberts SB. Why are nutritionally stunted children at increased risk of obesity? Studies of metabolic rate and fat oxidation in shantytown children from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:702–707
  35. Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Bank JA, Dengel DR. Inflammation insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents, the role of exercise. J Pediatr. 2004;145:731–736

 This work is based on research supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Financial support was also provided by the North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.

PII: S0899-9007(09)00428-6

doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.004

Nutrition
Volume 26, Issue 1 , Pages 90-99 , January 2010

Article Tools