Nutrition
Volume 23, Issue 9 , Pages 625-633 , September 2007

Examination of encapsulated phytosterol ester supplementation on lipid indices associated with cardiovascular disease

  • Conrad P. Earnest, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Preventive Medicine Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: 225-763-2923.
    • ,
  • Catherine R. Mikus, M.S.

      Affiliations

    • Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Preventive Medicine Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
    • ,
  • Isabelle Lemieux, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Québec Heart Institute, Hôpital Laval Research Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
    • ,
  • Benoit J. Arsenault, M.S.

      Affiliations

    • Québec Heart Institute, Hôpital Laval Research Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
    • Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
    • ,
  • Timothy S. Church, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Preventive Medicine Laboratory, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

Received 21 March 2007 ,Accepted 5 June 2007.

References 

  1. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421
  2. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998;280:1569–1575
  3. MacLennan AH, Wilson DH, Taylor AW. The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Prev Med. 2002;35:166–173
  4. Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake. Metabolism. 1999;48:575–580
  5. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkila AT, Uusitupa MI. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:715–725
  6. Jones PJ. Cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999;1:230–235
  7. Lottenberg AM, Nunes VS, Nakandakare ER, Neves M, Bernik M, Lagrost L, et al. The human cholesteryl ester transfer protein I405V polymorphism is associated with plasma cholesterol concentration and its reduction by dietary phytosterol esters. J Nutr. 2003;133:1800–1805
  8. Newby LK, LaPointe NM, Chen AY, Kramer JM, Hammill BG, DeLong ER, et al. Long-term adherence to evidence-based secondary prevention therapies in coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2006;113:203–212
  9. Plat J, Mensink RP. Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2000;148:101–112
  10. Dietary supplement may help lower elevated cholesterol. Mayo Clin Health Lett. 2002;20(8):4
  11. Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Effect of statins on noncholesterol sterol levels: implications for use of plant stanols and sterols. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl 1A):40D–46D
  12. Food labeling: health claims; plant sterol/stanol esters and coronary heart disease (Interim final rule; notice of extension of period for issuance of final rule). Fed Regist. 2001;66:30311–30313
  13. Simons LA. Additive effect of plant sterol-ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:737–740
  14. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation. 1997;96:4226–4231
  15. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1308–1312
  16. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvonen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, et al. Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res. 1993;34:1535–1544
  17. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA. Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond). 1994;87:61–67
  18. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Umporowicz DM, Ingram KA, Dicklin MR, Schaefer E, et al. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:307–319
  19. De Graaf J, De Sauvage Nolting PR, Van Dam M, Belsey EM, Kastelein JJ, Haydn Pritchard P, et al. Consumption of tall oil-derived phytosterols in a chocolate matrix significantly decreases plasma total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Br J Nutr. 2002;88:479–488
  20. Matvienko OA, Lewis DS, Swanson M, Arndt B, Rainwater DL, Stewart J, et al. A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:57–64
  21. Mensink RP, Ebbing S, Lindhout M, Plat J, van Heugten MM. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:205–213
  22. Homma Y, Ikeda I, Ishikawa T, Tateno M, Sugano M, Nakamura H. Decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein by plant stanol ester-containing spread: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2003;19:369–374
  23. Lee YM, Haastert B, Scherbaum W, Hauner H. A phytosterol-enriched spread improves the lipid profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus—a randomized controlled trial under free-living conditions. Eur J Nutr. 2003;42:111–117
  24. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Umporowicz DM, Schaefer EJ, Dicklin MR, Ingram KA, et al. Lipid responses to plant-sterol–enriched reduced-fat spreads incorporated into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:33–43
  25. Devaraj S, Jialal I, Vega-Lopez S. Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:e25–e28
  26. Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, Stenson WF, Racette SB, Bateman J, et al. Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:577–581
  27. Goldberg AC, Ostlund RE, Bateman JH, Schimmoeller L, McPherson TB, Spilburg CA. Effect of plant stanol tablets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering in patients on statin drugs. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:376–379
  28. McPherson TB, Ostlund RE, Goldberg AC, Bateman JH, Schimmoeller L, Spilburg CA. Phytostanol tablets reduce human LDL-cholesterol. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005;57:889–896
  29. Muntner P, He J, Roccella EJ, Whelton PK. The impact of JNC-VI guidelines on treatment recommendations in the US population. Hypertension. 2002;39:897–902
  30. Earnest CP, Wood KA, Church TS. Complex multivitamin supplementation improves homocysteine and resistance to LDL-C oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:400–407
  31. Earnest C, Cooper KH, Marks A, Mitchell TL. Efficacy of a complex multivitamin supplement. Nutrition. 2002;18:738–742
  32. Earnest CP, Jordan AN, Safir M, Weaver E, Church TS. Cholesterol-lowering effects of bovine serum immunoglobulin in participants with mild hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:792–798
  33. Borrud LG, Pillow PC, Allen PK, McPherson RS, Nichaman MZ, Newell GR. Food group contributions to nutrient intake in whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in Texas. J Am Diet Assoc. 1989;89:1061–1069
  34. Cleveland LE, Cook DA, Krebs-Smith SM, Friday J. Method for assessing food intakes in terms of servings based on food guidance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(suppl):1254S–1263S
  35. McPherson RS, Kohl HW, Garcia G, Nichaman MZ, Hanis CL. Food-frequency questionnaire validation among Mexican-Americans: Starr County, Texas. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:378–385
  36. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502
  37. St-Pierre AC, Ruel IL, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Bernard PM, Despres JP, et al. Comparison of various electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles and their relationship to the risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2001;104:2295–2299
  38. Rainwater DL, Mitchell BD, Comuzzie AG, Haffner SM. Relationship of low-density lipoprotein particle size and measures of adiposity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:180–189
  39. Cheng ML, Kammerer CM, Lowe WF, Dyke B, VandeBerg JL. Method for quantitating cholesterol in subfractions of serum lipoproteins separated by gradient gel electrophoresis. Biochem Genet. 1988;26:657–681
  40. Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC. Atherogenic lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl 1):III2–III7
  41. Choi BG, Vilahur G, Yadegar D, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Badimon JJ. The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the prevention and possible treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Curr Mol Med. 2006;6:571–587
  42. Moruisi KG, Oosthuizen W, Opperman AM. Phytosterols/stanols lower cholesterol concentrations in familial hypercholesterolemic subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25:41–48
  43. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Faulkner DA, Wong JM, de Souza R, et al. Direct comparison of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods with a statin in hypercholesterolemic participants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:380–387
  44. Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services. Subchapter B—food for human consumption. Specific requirements for health claims, sec. 101.83 health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease Code of Federal Regulations 2006; volume 2; revised as of April 1, 2006 (21): part 101: food labeling.
  45. Clifton PM, Noakes M, Sullivan D, Erichsen N, Ross D, Annison G, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:503–509
  46. Jones PJ, Vanstone CA, Raeini-Sarjaz M, St-Onge MP. Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels. J Lipid Res. 2003;44:1713–1719
  47. Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Almeras N, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men?. Circulation. 2000;102:179–184
  48. Tchernof A, Lamarche B, Prud’Homme D, Nadeau A, Moorjani S, Labrie F, et al. The dense LDL phenotype (Association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in men). Diabetes Care. 1996;19:629–637
  49. St-Pierre AC, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Mauriege P, Bernard PM, Despres JP, et al. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men: 13-year follow-up data from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:553–559
  50. Lamarche B, Desroches S, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Faulkner D, et al. Combined effects of a dietary portfolio of plant sterols, vegetable protein, viscous fibre and almonds on LDL particle size. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:657–663
  51. Piironen V, Lindsay D, Mietten T, Toivo J, Lampi A. Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80:939–966
  52. Varady KA, St-Pierre AC, Lamarche B, Jones PJ. Effect of plant sterols and endurance training on LDL particle size and distribution in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:518–525
  53. Charest A, Vanstone C, St-Onge MP, Parson W, Jones PJ, Lamarche B. Phytosterols in nonfat and low-fat beverages have no impact on the LDL size phenotype. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:801–804
  54. St-Onge MP, Lamarche B, Mauger JF, Jones PJ. Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men. J Nutr. 2003;133:1815–1820
  55. Thompson GR, Grundy SM. History and development of plant sterol and stanol esters for cholesterol-lowering purposes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl 1A):3D–9D
  56. Christiansen LI, Lahteenmaki PL, Mannelin MR, Seppanen-Laakso TE, Hiltunen RV, Yliruusi JK. Cholesterol-lowering effect of spreads enriched with microcrystalline plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40:66–73
  57. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR. Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;35:697–700
  58. Volger OL, van der Boom H, de Wit EC, van Duyvenvoorde W, Hornstra G, Plat J, et al. Dietary plant stanol esters reduce VLDL cholesterol secretion and bile saturation in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1046–1052
  59. Lees AM, Mok HY, Lees RS, McCluskey MA, Grundy SM. Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents: clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis. 1977;28:325–338
  60. Volpe R, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Sirtori C, Bucci A, Fraone N, et al. Effects of yoghurt enriched with plant sterols on serum lipids in patients with moderate hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Nutr. 2001;86:233–239
  61. Geelen A, Zock PL, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum lipid response to plant sterols in humans. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32:738–742

PII: S0899-9007(07)00180-3

doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.003

Nutrition
Volume 23, Issue 9 , Pages 625-633 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution